Professor Pat Wright - BSc PhD Lond MA Cantab FBPsS CPsychol FISTC Hon FSTC
Overview
Research Summary
People use verbal and/or pictorial information, either on paper or computer screen, as part of many every-day tasks both within and outside the workplace. The ease of using this information, or even whether it is consulted at all, depends on how it is designed and presented. My research explores how linguistic and visual design features influence the cognitive demands of working with the material to achieve task goals such as answering questions, making decisions or following instructions. My research has examined the contribution of spoken information for various sections of the general public, including older adults, people for whom English is not a first language and adults who class themselves as poor readers. We have found that these groups often benefit from listening, whereas the voice hampers fluent adults who read much faster than they listen. One implication is that online information will satisfy a wider audience if it provides the option of spoken text. Current research is examining how older adults could benefit from changes to the interface of ‘tablet’ computers.
Teaching Summary
I was co-director of the MSc in Occupational Psychology and taught on their Human-Machine Interaction course. I have lectured to medical students: to 1st year students about doctor-patient communication and the effects of health information on the internet; to 2nd and 3rd year students about psychological development across the lifespan. I have also mentored staff developing their portfolios for the Professional Certificate in University Teaching and Learning.
Selected Pubications (2008 onwards)
Wright P. (2010) Soroka, A.J., Belt, S., Pham, D., Dimov, S., DeRoure, D., Petrie, H. Using audio to support animated route information in a hospital touch-screen kiosk. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 753-759.
Wright P., Soroka, A.J., Belt, S. (2010) Audio changes how older people follow animations. Gerontechnology, 9 (2), 340.
Evans R, Joseph-Williams N, Edwards A, Newcombe RG, Wright P, Kinnersley P, Griffiths J, Jones M, Williams J, Grol R, Elwyn G. (2010). Supporting informed decision making for prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing on the web: an online randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 12 (3): e27, August 6. [pdf]
Joseph-Williams, N., Evans, R., Edwards, A., Newcombe, R.G., Wright, P., Grol, R., Elwyn, G. (2010) Supporting informed decision making online in 20 minutes: an observational web-log study of a PSA decision aid. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 12 (2): e15, May26. [pdf]
Wright P. (2009) What if …? Designing tools to help the public make difficult decisions. Information Design Journal, 17(3), 202-210.
Wright P. (2009) Soroka, A.J., Belt, S., Pham, D., Dimov, S., DeRoure, D., Petrie, H. Effects of language fluency and graphic animation on modality choices by adults when following online explanatory demonstrations. Proceedings of IEEE IPCC, Hawaii.
Wright, P., Soroka, A.J., Belt, S., Pham, D., Dimov, S., DeRoure, D., Petrie, H. (2008) Modality preference and performance when seniors consult online information. Gerontechnology, 7, 293-304.
Griffin, J., and Wright, P. (2008) Older readers can be distracted by embellishing graphics in text. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 21 (5), 740-757.
Wright, P., Belt, S., Pham, D., Dimov, S., DeRoure, D., (2008) Cognitive support for older people from multimedia options. Gerontechnology, 7, 241.
Publications
Online Publications
Click on my Researcher ID badge for electronic information about my publications:
Full List of Publications
Forthcoming
Wright P. Using graphics effectively in text. In C. Abraham and M. Kools (Eds). Writing Educational and Persuasive Text: an evidence-based guide for health professionals. Sage (in press).
2011
Wright, P. (2011) Designing multimedia documents for the workplace. In M. Torrence, D. Almargot, M. Castello, F. Ganier, O. Kruse, A. Mangen, L. Tolchinsky, L. Van Waes (Eds) Learning to write effectively: current trends in European research. Ch. 3.00.8, p419-423.
Wright P. (2011) Designing information for the workplace. Published in Spanish as “Diseñando información para el lugar de trabajo” in Frascara, J. (ed.) ¿Qué es el diseño de información? Buenos Aires: Ediciones Infinito.
Wright P. (2011) Why might it help writers to know about readers? Invited presentation to EU COST Learning to Write Effectively. Workgroup 3: Writing in the workplace.
2010
Carliner, S., Wright, P. (2010) Interview by Saul Carliner. Information Design Journal, 18 (2), 148-155.
Wright P. (2010) Soroka, A.J., Belt, S., Pham, D., Dimov, S., DeRoure, D., Petrie, H. Using audio to support animated route information in a hospital touch-screen kiosk. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 753-759.
Wright P., Soroka, A.J., Belt, S. (2010) Audio changes how older people follow animations. Gerontechnology, 9 (2), 340.
Evans R, Joseph-Williams N, Edwards A, Newcombe RG, Wright P, Kinnersley P, Griffiths J, Jones M, Williams J, Grol R, Elwyn G. (2010). Supporting informed decision making for prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing on the web: an online randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 12 (3): e27, August 6. [pdf]
Joseph-Williams, N., Evans, R., Edwards, A., Newcombe, R.G., Wright, P., Grol, R., Elwyn, G. (2010) Supporting informed decision making online in 20 minutes: an observational web-log study of a PSA decision aid. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 12 (2): e15, May26. [pdf]
Wright P. (2010) Health information via the internet. Proceedings of IEEE IPCC, Netherlands.
2009
Wright, P. (2009) What if …? Designing tools to help the public make difficult decisions. Information Design Journal, 17(3), 202-211.
Wright, P. (2009) Review of Multimodality and Genre: a foundation for the systematic analysis of multimodal documents by JA Bateman (2008). Information Design Journal, 17 (1), 77-78.
Wright, P, Soroka, A., Belt, S., Dimov, S., Petrie, H., (2009) Effects of language fluency and graphic animation on modality choices by adults when following online explanatory demonstrations. Procedings of IEEE Conference of IPCC, Hawaii, July 2009.
2008
Wright, P., Soroka, A.J., Belt, S., Pham, D., Dimov, S., DeRoure, D., Petrie, H. (2008) Modality preference and performance when seniors consult online information. Gerontechnology, 7, 293-304.
Griffin, J., and Wright, P. (2008) Older readers can be distracted by embellishing graphics in text. European Cognitive Psychology, 21 (5), 740-757.
Wright, P., Belt, S., Pham, D., Dimov, S., DeRoure, D., (2008) Cognitive support for older people from multimedia options. Gerontechnology, 7, 241.
Wright P. (2008) Workplace to public place: challenges facing professional designers. Invited presentation to EU COST Learning to Write Effectively. Workgroup 3: Writing in the workplace.
2007
Evans, R., Elwyn, G., Edwards, A., Kinnersley, P., Wright, P., Austoker, J., Grol, R., (2007) A randomised controlled trial of the effects of a web-based PSA decision aid, Prosdex. Protocol. BMC Family Practice, 8, 58-63. [pdf]
2006
Wright, P. (2006) Talking computers and diversity in older audiences. Gerontechnology, 4, 187-189.
Soroka, A.J., Wright, P., Belt, S., Pham, D.T., Dimov, S., De Roure D.C., Petrie, H. (2006). User choices for modalities of instructional information. Proceedings of 4th International IEEE Conference on Industrial Informatics. INDIN’06. August 2006, Singapore. pp16-18.
2004
Wright, P., Belt, S. and John, C. (2004) Helping people asses the health risks from lifestyle choices: comparing a computer decision aid with a customised printed alternative. Communication and Medicine, 1, 181-190.
2003
Wright, P., John, C., Belt, S. (2003) Designing an interactive decision explorer. Information Design Journal+Document Design, 11, 252-260.
Wright, P. (2003) Criteria and ingredients for successful patient information. Journal of Audiovisual Media in Medicine, 26, 6-10. [pdf]
Wright, P., Belt, S., John, C. (2003) Fancy graphics can deter older users: a comparison of two interfaces for exploring healthy lifestyle options. In E O’Neill, P Palanque, and P Johnson (eds) People and computers 17: Proceedings of HCI 2003: Designing for Society. London: Springer-Verlag (London) Ltd. pp 315-325. [pdf]
2002
Wright, P. (2002) If documents could talk: contributions of spoken and visual language in electronic documents. Document Design,3, 70-79.
Wright, P. (2002) Discrepancies may exist between GPs and their patients about who is making the decisions. British Medical Journal, 324, 298.
Wright, P. , Belt, S., and John, C. (2002) Using interactive tables and graphs to help people make decisions. In J-F Rouet & M-F Crete (eds.) Multimedia Comprehension Proceedings of EARLI-SIG2 on the Comprehension of Verbal and pictorial information. Université de Poitiers. p21-22.
Wright, P., Rogers, N., Wilson, B.A., Emslie, H., Evans, J. (2002) IT support for memory loss: goal related option sets can reduce need for wizards. In S. Keates, P.J. Clarkson, P. Langdon, P. Robinson (eds) Proceedings of the 1st Cambridge Workshop on Universal Access and Assistive Technology, pp 123-132. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Engineering Design Centre TR117, ISSN 0963-5432
2001
Wright, P., Rogers, N., Hall, C., Wilson, B., Evans, J. and Emslie, H. (2001) Enhancing an appointment diary on a pocket computer for use by people after brain injury. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 24, 1-10. [pdf]
Wright, P. and Belt, S. (2001) Combining language and animation in multimedia instructions can help older people. Gerontechnology, 1, 60-62.
Wright, P. and Belt, S. (2001) Methods for troubleshooting a video before assessing its clinical impact. Health Informatics Journal, 7, 37-40.
Wright, P., Rogers, N., Hall, C., Wilson, B., Evans, J., Emslie, H. and Bartram, C. (2001) Comparison of pocket-computer memory aids for people with brain injury. Brain Injury, 9, 787-800. [pdf]
Wright, P. (2001) If Documents Could Talk: exploring aural and visual language in electronic documents. In L. Degand, Y Bestgen, W. Spooren and L. van Waes (eds.) Multidisciplinary approaches to discourse. Amsterdam: Muenster: Stichting Neerlandsteik VU & Nodus Publikationen. p153-161.
Wright, P. (2001) Document-based decision making. In J-F. Rouet, J. Levonen and A. Biardeau (eds.) Multimedia Learning: cognitive and instructional issues.Amsterdam: Pergamon. p31-43
2000
Wright, P, Lickorish, A. & Milroy, R. (2000) Route choices, anticipated forgetting and interface design for online reference documents. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 6, 158-167
Wright, P., Bartram, C., Rogers, N., Emslie, H., Evans, J., Wilson, B. and Belt, S. (2000) Text entry on handheld computers by older users. Ergonomics, 43, 702-716.
Wright, P. (2000) Supportive documentation for older people. In C. Jansen, R. Punselie& P. Westendoop (eds) Interface Design and Document Design. Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi BV. p81-100.
Wright, P. (2000) The psychology of layout: consequences of the visual structure of documents. American Association for Artificial Intelligence Technical Report FS-99-04, pp1-9. ISBN 1-57735-114-2.
1999
Wright, P. (1999) Readability index: life-line or weak link? Hi Quality Matters. Winchester, UK: Centre for Health Information Quality, 5, 1-2.
Wright, P., Milroy, R. & Lickorish, A. (1999) Static and animated graphics in learning from interactive texts. European Journal of Psychology of Education. Special issue on Visual Learning with New Technologies, XIV, 203-224.
Wright, P. (1999) Writing and information design of healthcare materials. In C.N. Candlin & K. Hyland (eds.) Writing: Texts, Processes and Practices. UK: Longmans. p85-98.
Wright, P. (1999) Designing healthcare advice for the public. In F Durso (ed.) Handbook of Applied Cognition. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. p695-724.
Wright, P. (1999) Comprehension of printed instructions. In D. Wagner, R. Venezky, & B. Street (eds) Literacy: an international handbook. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p192-198
Wright, P. (1999) Printed instructions: can research make a difference? In H. Zwaga, T. Boersema and H. Hoonout (eds.) Visual information for everyday use; design and research perspectives. London: Taylor and Francis p45-66.
1998
Wright, P. (1998) Leaflet design: craft skill or writing by numbers? Hi Quality Matters. Winchester, UK: Centre for Health Information Quality. Issue 4 Autumn/Winter, 5-6.
Wyatt, J.C. & Wright, P. (1998) Medical records: Design should help use of patients' data. The Lancet, 352, #9137, 1375-1378, 24 October 1998.
Nygren, E., Wyatt, J.C. & Wright, P. (1998) Medical records: Helping clinicians to find data and avoid delays. The Lancet, 352, #9138, 1462-1466, 31 October 1998.
Wright, P, Jansen, C. & Wyatt, J.C. (1998) Medical records: How to limit clinical errors in interpretation of data. The Lancet, 352, #9139, 1539-1543, 7 November 1998.
Powsner, S, Wyatt, J.C. & Wright, .P (1998) Medical records: Opportunities for and challenges of computerisation The Lancet, 352, #9140, 1617-1622, 14 November 1998.
Wright, P. (1998) Designing information supported performance: the scope for graphics. *Journal of Computer Documentation, 22, 3-15.
Wright, P. (1998) L'utilisation de documents dans la prise de decision. In A. Tricot & J-.F Rouet (eds.) Les Hypermédias: approches cognitives et ergonomiques. pp77-93. Paris, France: Hermes.
Wright, P. (1998) Developments and growth in information design. Information Design Journal, 9, 16-20. - Translated and republished by Tekstblad 1999
1997
Wright, P. (1997) Let the data do the talking. Review of Visual Explanations by E.R. Tufte. The Lancet, 349, 1182.
Wright, P. (1997) The way readers are influenced by layout. LAMPE'97: Lausanne - Atelier sur Modeles de Page Electronique (Workshop on electronic page models) Lausanne, Switzerland Sept 1997.
Wright, P. (1997) Parallel messages in print and other media for patient information. Paper given at Information Design Network conference, Cambridge July, 1997. Full text on IDN website http://www.csad.coventry.ac.uk/IDN/ conf/health.htm and re-edited distribution in Patient-i, 6 (Sept), 12-13 and Patient-i, 7 (Oct), 10.
1996
Wright, P. (1996) Cognitive skills for reading functional texts: the multiple skills needed for reading in everyday life. In W.J.M. Levelt (ed) Advanced Psycholinguistics. Nijmegen, Holland: Max Plank Institute. p122-127.
Wright, P. (1996) Reading strategies when decision-making with complex documents Using Complex Information Systems (UCIS'96): Cognitive, educational, ergonomic aspects. Poitiers, France Sept.1996. p4-8.
1995
Wright, P. (1995) Reading strategies, mental models and text design. Journal of Computer Documentation, 19, 38-45.
Wright, P. (1995) Evaluation, design and research: empirical contributions to the beginnings and ends of the design process. Information Design Journal, 8, 82-85.
Wright, P, Lickorish, A., Hull, A.J. and Umellen, N. (1995) Graphics in written directions: appreciated by readers not by writers. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 9, 41-59.
1994
Wright, P. and Lickorish, A. (1994) Menus and memory load: navigation strategies in interactive search tasks. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 40, 965-1008.
Wright, P., Lickorish, A. and Milroy, R. (1994) Remembering while mousing: the cognitive costs of mouse clicks. SIGCHI Bulletin, 26, 41-45.
Wright, P. (1994) Quality or Usability? Quality writing provokes quality reading. In M. Steehouder, C. Jansen, P. van der Poort and R. Verheijen (eds) Quality of Technical Documentation. Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi. p7-38.
Wright, P. (1994) Enhancing the usability of written instructions. In H. Zwaga, T. Boersema and H. Hoonout (eds) Conference Proceedings of Public Graphics: visual information for everyday use. Utrecht, NL: Stichting Public Graphics Research. p1.1-1.18.
Wright, P. (1994) Technical writing for a distributed environment. Proceedings of UCTLIG'94 (Universities and Colleges Teaching Learning and Information Group) conference on Distributed Information. Computing Centre: Aberdeen University. p56-59.
1993
Anon. (1993) A British View of Document Design: A Conversation with Patricia Wright. Issues in Writing, Volume 5, 116-134.
Wright, P., Hull, A.J. and Lickorish, A. (1993) Navigating in a hospital outpatient's department: the relative merits of maps and wall signs. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 10, 76-90.
Wright, P. and Lawrence, G. (1993) Design of Case Report Forms for Clinical Trials. In J. Lloyd and A. Raven (eds) ACRPI Handbook of Clinical Research. Churchill Livingstone. ch 9, p209-235.
Wright, P. (1993) To jump or not to jump: strategy selection while reading electronic texts. In C. McKnight, A. Dillon and J. Richardson (eds) Hypertext - a psychological perspective. Ellis Horwood. p137-152.
1992
Wright, P. (1992) Information Design: the linking agent. Desktop Publishing Commentary, 8, 6-11.
Black, A., Wright, P., Black, D. and Norman, K. (1992) Using dictionary information: some factors influencing whether readers will check the meanings of unknown words in a text. Hypermedia, 4, 145-169.
Wright, P. (1992) Review of Hypertext in Context by C McKnight, A Dillon and S Richardson. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 37, 389-391.
Penz, F, Bourne, M. and Wright, P. (1992) Tools for design: A controlled experiment comparing computer work with traditional hand drawings. In F. Penz (ed) Computers in Architecture: tools for design. Harlow, UK: Longman. pp3-14.
Wright, P. (1992) Information Design the linking agent. In conference proceedings of PIRA/RSA Design Festival, 2nd International Conference, 1-3 April, 1992. p1-11
1991
Wright, P. (1991) What is Hypertext? Report on the first European Conference on Hypertext. Eurodocumentation, 1, 2,4. - Abridged version published in The Manual, 1991, 4, 3.
Wright, P. (1991) Varieties of strategic reading: some interface requirements. Machine Mediated Learning, 3, 279-287.
Wright, P. (1991) Information design: an informal review of the past decade. Information Design Journal, 6, 1-3.
Wright, P. (1991) Quality: an excellent idea? In proceedings of Documentation: the first conference on quality. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, October 1991. p9-24.
Wright, P. (1991) Cognitive overheads vs Cognitive prostheses: some issues in evaluating hypertexts. In proceedings of Hypertext '91, Texas. ACM Press, p1-12.
1990
Wright, P. (1990) The uses of research on writing. The Manual, 3, 2,15
Wright, P., Hull, A.J. and Black, D. (1990) Integrating diagrams and text. The Technical Writing Teacher, XVII, 244-254.
Wright, P. and Hull, A.J. (1990) How people give verbal instructions. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 4, 153-174.
Wright, P., Lickorish, A. and Hull, A.J. (1990) The importance of iterative procedures in the design of location maps for the built environment. Information Design Journal, 6, 67-78. (Previously limited distribution in Proceedings of Design Research Society conference on Information for Designers. Worthing: Publication Services. (1988))
Wright, P. (1990) Hypertexts as an interface for learners: some human factors issues. In D Jonassen and H Mandl (eds) Designing Hypermedia for Learning. Springer-Verlag. ch 10, p169-184.
Wright, P. (1990) Homework: an international comparison of behavioural researchers' use of IT for work at home. In M. Feeney and K. Merry (eds) Information Technology and the Research Process. London: Bowker Saur, p130-145.
Wright, P. (1990) It’s what you can do and the way you can do it. In A Rizk, N Streitz and J Andre (eds) Hypertext: concepts, systems and applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p358-359.
Wright, .P (1990) Designing and evaluating documentation for IT users. In B. Shackel (ed) Human Factors for Informatics Usability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ch 15, p343-358.
Wright, P. (1990) Reading for use. BPS London conference, December. Synopsis in The Psychologist, 14, 74.
Wright, P. and Ummelen, N. (1990) Given a diagram, when do readers read text? Forum 90 Postharvest. Box 38, S-124 21 Bandhagen, Sweden. p81.
Wright, P. and Hull, A.J. (1990) When do readers read pictures? Preseedings of Forum'90. Stockholm, Sweden. p115-119.
Wright, P. (1990) Technical reading and technical writing: relevant research for technical authors. In proceedings of TECDOC'90. CONSERT:London. p1-5
1989
Wright, P. (1989) Interface alternatives for hypertexts. Hypermedia, 1, 146-166.
Wrigh,t P., Lickorish, A. and Hull, A.J. (1989) Numerical evidence in commercial fraud trials. Information Design Journal, 5, 171-181.
Wright, P. and Lickorish, A. (1989) An empirical comparison of two navigation systems for two hypertexts. In R. McAleese and C. Green (eds) Hypertext: State of the art. Oxford: Intellect. ch 9, p84-93.
Wright, P. and Lickorish A. (1989) The influence of discourse structure on display and navigation in hypertexts. In P Holt and N Williams (eds) Computers and Writing. Ablex. p88-120.
Wright, P. (1989) Can research assist technical communication? In proceedings of 36th Annual Scientific and Technical Communicators Conference, Chicago. p RT3 - RT6.
1988
Wright, P. (1988) Functional literacy: Reading and writing at work. Ergonomics, 31, 265-290.
Wright, P. (1988) Beyond Plain English. RaPAL Bulletin, 5, 15-17
Wright, P. and Lickorish, A. (1988) Colour cues as location aids in lengthy texts on screen and paper. Behaviour and Information Technology, 7, 11-30.
Wright, P. (1988) The need for theories of NOT reading: some psychological aspects of the human-computer interface. In B AG. Elsendoorn and H Bouma (eds) Working Models of Human Perception. London: Academic Press. p319-340.
Wright, P. (1988) Issues of content and presentation in document design. In M. Helander (ed) Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ch 28, p629-652.
Wright, P. (1988) Communicating with the user. In N Heaton and M Sinclair (eds) Designing End-user Interfaces. Pergamon State of the Art Report. ch 10, p121-129.
Wright, P. and Norrish, P. (1988) Colour cues in Technical Texts. Proceedings of BCS Displays Group Seminar on Colour and Computer Graphics. London: December.
1987
Wright, P. (1987) Writing technical information. Review of Research in Education, 14, 327-385.
Tombaugh, J, Lickorish, A. and Wright, P. (1987) Multiwindow displays for readers of lengthy texts. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 26, 597-615.
Wright, P. (1987) Drjfzand en scheepswrakken bij het ontwerpen van formulieren; wat voor soort kaarten hebben we nodig? (Shifting sands and shipwrecks in forms design: what sorts of maps do we need? ) In C Jansen and M Steehouder (eds) Formularieren als Communicatiemiddel. Amsterdam: LINEA. ch 7, p65-75.
1986
Wright, P. and Hull, A.J. (1986) Answering questions about negative conditionals. Memory and Language, 25, 691-709.
Wright, P., Lickorish, A. and Hull, A.J. (1986) Presenting numerical information to fraud trial juries. In Improving the presentation of information to juries in fraud trials. HMSO: London. p17-39.
Wright, P.. and Haybittle, J. (1986) Designing clinical trial forms to collect the right data. In H. Glenny and P. Nelmes (eds) Handbook of Clinical Drug Research. Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd. ch 9, p247-270.
Wright, P. (1986) Phenomena, function and design: does information make a difference? In D.J. Oborne (ed) Contemporary Ergonomics. Taylor and Francis. p1-18. - Reprinted in D.J. Oborne (ed) (1995) Ergonomics and Human Factors. Cheltenham, Glos: Edward Elgar Publishing. p182-1
Wright, P. (1986) Prerequisites of writing for computer users. Keynote address at the Second Conference on Writing for the Computer Industry. 15 June 1985, Plymouth, New Hampshire, USA. Published by Plymouth State College.
1985
Wright, P. (1985) Review of What Writers Know by M. Nystrand. Applied Psycholinguistics, 6, 354-356.
Wright, P. (1985) Form and function. Review of JF Burgess Human Factors in Forms Design. Contemporary Psychology, 30, 75-76.
Wright, P. (1985) Editorial policies and processes. In T Duffy and RH Waller (eds) Towards More Usable Texts. Orlando: Academic Press. ch 4, p63-96.
Wright, P. (1985) Is evaluation a myth? Assessing assessment procedures. In DH Jonassen (ed) The Technology of Text, vol 2. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Educational Technology Publications Inc. ch 18, p418-435.
Wright, P., Lickorish A. and Whalley, P. (1985) Experimental comparisons of reading lengthy texts on either CRT screen or paper. Preseedings FORUM '85. p105-112.
Wright, P. (1985) Emphasizing cognition in the HF curriculum for HCI. In G Underwood and N Shadbolt Education and Human-Computer Interaction. Copies available from the editors at Nottingham University. p39-40.
1984
Wright, P. (1984) (ed) Some effects of communication medium on visible language. Special issue of Visible Language, 18, 99-205.
Wright, P. and Lickorish, A. (1984) Investigating referees' requirements in an electronic medium. Visible Language, 18, 186-205.
Wright, P. and Lickorish, A. (1984) Ease of annotation as a factor in proof-reading tasks. Behavior and Information Technology, 3, 185-194.
Wright, P. (1984) Designing the documentation that explains how IT works. Design Studies, 5, 73-78.
Wright, P. (1984) Die Funktion bestimmt die Struktur bei der Gestaltung von Tabellen in technischer Literatur. In D. Nadolski (ed) Didaktische Typographie. Leipzig:VEB Fachbuchverlag. ch V-5, p240-248.
Wright, P., Hull, A.J. and Lickorish, A. (1984) Psychological factors in reading tables. Proceedings of XXIII International Congress of Psychology, Mexico. p194.
Wright, P. (1984) Information design: the contribution of psychology. Symposium organiser's overview. Proceedings of XXIII International Congress of Psychology, Mexico. p196.
1983
Wright, P. and Lickorish, A. (1983) Proofreading texts on screen and paper. Behaviour and Information Technology, 2, 227-235.
Wright, P. (1983) Technical Communication: English for very special purposes. Newsletter of the British Association for Applied Linguistics, 18, 24-29.
Wright, P. (1983) Rayner one year later. Information Design Journal, 3, 246-249.
Wright, P. (1983) Can ergonomics go on working? A review of Ergonomics at Work by DJ Oborne. Contemporary Psychology, 28, 129 - 130.
Wright, P. (1983) Writing and reading technical information. In J Nicholson and B Foss (eds) Psychology Survey 4. London: The British Psychological Society. ch 13, p323-354.
Wright, P. (1983) Manual dexterity: a user-oriented approach to computer documentation. In A. Janda (ed) proceedings of CHI '83 conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems., Boston, Mass. December 13-15. p11-18. - Reprinted in R Baeker and WAS Buxton (1987) Readings in Human Computer Interaction: a multidisciplinary approach. Los Altos, CA: Morgan Kaufman, p613-620.
1982
Wright, P. and Bason, G. (1982) Detour routes to usability. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 18, 391-400.
Wright, P, Creighton, P. and Threlfall, S.M. (1982) Some factors determining when instructions will be read. Ergonomics, 25, 225-237.
Wright, P. (1982) A user oriented approach to the design of tabulated information and flow charts. In D.H. Jonassen (ed) The Technology of Text. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Educational Technology Publications Inc. ch 15, p317-340.
Wright, P. (1982) Human factors in computer-based education: the mapping between research and application. In proceedings of conference on Computer-Based Education, University of Delaware.
Wright, P. (1982) Die Funktion bestimmt die Struktur bei der Gestaltung von Tabellen in technischer Literatur. Papier und Druck, 31, 30-32. {Function determines structure when designing tables for technical literature.} - Reprinted 1984 in D Nadolski (ed) Didaktische Typographie. Leipzig: VEB
1981
Wright, P. (1981) Informed design for forms. Information Design Journal, 2, 151-178. - Reprinted in 1984 in R. Easterby and H. Zwaga (eds) Information Design. Chichester:Wiley. ch 29, p545-577.
Wright, P. (1981) The instructions clearly state . . . . Can't people read? Applied Ergonomics, 12, 131-142.
Wright, P. (1981) Five skills technical writers need. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 24, 10-16.
Wright, P. (1981) Tables in text: the subskills needed for reading formatted information. In LJ Chapman (ed) The Reader and the Text. London: Heineman. ch 5, p60-69.
Wright, P. (1981) Is Legal Jargon a restrictive practice? In S Lloyd-Bostock (ed) Psychology in Legal Contexts: Applications and Limitations. London: Macmillan. ch 9, p121-145.
Wright, P. (1981) Beyond readability: a psychological approach to the comprehension of government forms and leaflets. In Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of the International Association of Applied Linguistics (AILA). p481-482.
Wright, P. (1981) Some problems to be solved when creating usable documents. In proceedings of IBM Symposium on Software and Information Usability, p53-103. Also available as HF077 from IBM Hursely.
1980
Wright, P. (1980) Strategy and tactics in the design of forms. Visible Language, 14, 151-193. - Reprinted in 1981 in Business Forms Reporter, 19.
Wright, P. (1980) The comprehension of tabulated information: some similarities between reading prose and reading tables. National Society for Performance and Instruction Journal, 19, 25-29.
Wright, P. and Threlfall, S.M. (1980) Readers' expectations about format influence the usability of an index. Journal of Research Communication Studies, 2, 99-106
Wright, P. (1980) The design of official information I - gobbledygook. In PJ Hills (ed) The Future of the Printed Word. London: Frances Pinter Ltd. ch 4, p47-60.
Wright, P. (1980) The design of official information II - the new technologies. In PJ Hills (ed) The Future of the Printed Word. London: Frances Pinter Ltd. ch.5 p61-80.
Wright, P. (1980) Usability: the criterion for designing written information. In P.A. Kolers, M.E. Wrolstad and H. Bouma (eds) Processing of Visible Language 2. New York:Plenum Press. p183-206.
Wright, P. (1980) Textual literacy: an outline sketch of psychological research on reading and writing. In P.A. Kolers, M.E.Wrolstad and H. Bouma (eds) Processing of Visible Language 2. New York: Plenum Press. p517-535.
1979
Wright, P. (1979) Getting it across. Bulletin of the Legal Action Group, August, 178-181.
Wright, P. and Haybittle, J. (1979) Clinical trials require well-designed forms. British Medical Journal, vol 2, No.6189, p529-530; No.6190 p590-592; No 6191 p650-651.
Barnard, P., Wright, P. and Wilcox, P. (1979) Effects of response instructions and question style on the ease of completing forms. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 52, 209-226.
Wright, P. (1979) Quality control aspects of document design. Information Design Journal, 1, 33-42.
Wright, P. and Wilcox, P. (1979) When two No's nearly make a Yes: a study of conditional imperatives. In P.A. Kolers, M.E. Wrolstad and H. Bouma (eds) Processing of Visible Language 1. New York: Plenum Press. p129-153.
1978
Wright, P. (1978) Feeding the information eaters: suggestions for integrating pure and applied research on language comprehension. Instructional Science, 7, 249-312.
Wright, P. and Barnard, P. (1978) Asking multiple questions about several items: the use of matrix structures on application forms. Applied Ergonomics, 9, 7-14.
Barnard, P., Wright, P. and Wilcox, P. (1978) The effects of spatial constraints on the legibility of handwritten alphanumeric codes. Ergonomics, 21, 73-78.
Wright, P. (1978) Review of The Visual Impact of Scholarly Journal Articles by M Katzen. Journal of Documentation, 34, 363-365.
Wright, P. and Wilcox, P. (1978) Following instructions: an exploratory trisection of imperatives. In W.J.M. Levelt and G.B. Flores d'Arcais (eds) Studies in the Perception of Language. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company. ch 4, p129-143.
Wright, P. (1978) Quality control aspects of document design. Abstract in the proceedings of the International Congress of Applied Psychology, Munich.
1977
Wright, P. (1977) Behavioural research and the technical communicator. The Communicator of Scientific and Technical Information, 32, 3-13. - Reprinted in 1978 in Technical Communication, 25, 6-12. - Reprinted in 1983 in training materials prepared by OakRidge Associated Universities, for Goodyear Atomic Corporation, Ohio.
Wright, P. (1977) Decision making as a factor in the ease of using numerical tables. Ergonomics, 20, 91-96.
Wright, P. (1977) Presenting technical information: a review of research findings. Instructional Science, 6, 93-136. - Reprinted in 1995 in D. Oborne (ed) Ergonomics and Human Factors. Cheltenham, Glos: Edward Elgar, p140-181.
Wright, P., Aldrich, A. and Wilcox, P. (1977) Research note: some effects of coding answers for optical mark reading on the accuracy of answering multiple-choice questions. Human Factors, 19, 83-87.
1976
Barnard, P. and Wright, P. (1976) The effects of spaced character formats on the production and legibility of handwritten names. Ergonomics, 19, 81-92.
1975
Wright, P. and Barnard, P. (1975) Just fill in this form: a review for designers. Applied Ergonomics, 6, 213-220. - Reprinted in 1979 in J. Hartley (ed) The Psychology of Written Communication. London: Kogan Page.
Wright, P. and Barnard, P. (1975) Effects of "more than" and "less than" decisions on the use of numerical tables. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 606-611.
Wright, P. (1975) Forms of complaint. New Behaviour, 2, 206-209.
Wright, P. (1975) Presenting people with choices: the effect of format on the comprehension of examination rubrics. Programmed Learning and Educational Technology, 12, 109-114.
1974
Wright, P. (1974) Alternatives to prose. Machine Design, 46, 82-84.
Wright, P., Holloway, C.M. and Aldrich, A.R. (1974) Attending to visual or auditory verbal information while performing other concurrent tasks. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 26, 454-463.
1973
Wright, P. (1973) Some categories of linguistic performance. Cambridge Journal of Education, 3, 12-21.
Wright, P. and Reid, F. (1973) Written information: some alternatives to prose for expressing the outcomes of complex contingencies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57, 160-166.
Wright, P. (1973) Understanding tabular displays. Visible Language, 7, 351-359.
Wright, P. (1973) Understanding tabular displays. In the Proceedings of a conference on The Visual Presentation of Technical Data held jointly by the Ergonomics Research Society and the Society of Industrial Artists and Designers. p28-32.
1972
Wright, P. (1972) An investigation of the confusability of a new non-circular coin. Ergonomics, 15, 517-526.
Wright, P. and Fox, K. (1972) Explicit and implicit tabulation formats. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 11, 188-195.
Wright, P. (1972) The effect of sentence voice on the wording of questions. Proceedings of the XXth International Congress of Psychology. p392.
Wright, P. (1972) The design of tabulated information. Proceedings of the XVII International Congress of Applied Psychology. vol 1, section 3, p363-372.
1971
Wright, P. (1971) Writing to be understood: why use sentences? Applied Ergonomics, 2, 207-209.
Wright, P. (1971) Linguistic description of auditory signals. Journal of Applied Psychology, 55, 244-250.
Kahneman, D. and Wright, P. (1971) Changes of pupil size and rehearsal strategies in a short-term memory task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 23, 187-196.
Wright, P. and Kahneman, D. (1971) Evidence for alternative strategies of sentence retention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 23, 197-196.
1970
Wright, P. (1970) Presenting information in tables. Applied Ergonomics, 1, 234-242.
Wright, P. (1970) The immediate constituents of active and passive sentences. In W.J.M. Levelt and G.B. Flores d'Arcais (eds) Advances in psycholinguistics. Amsterdam: North Holland. ch 2, p31-37.
1969
Wright, P. (1969) Economics and Ergonomics in coin design. Applied Ergonomics, 1, 53-57.
Wright, P. (1969) Transformations and the understanding of sentences. Language and Speech, 12, 156-166.
Wright, P. (1969) Two studies of the depth hypothesis. British Journal of Psychology, 60, 63-69.
Wright, P., Hull, A.J. and Conrad, R. (1969) Performance tests with non-circular coins. Ergonomics, 12, 1-10.
1968
Wright, P. (1968) Reading to learn. Chemistry in Britain, 4, 445- 450. - Reprinted in 1972 in J. Meritt and J. Melnick (eds) Reading Today and Tomorrow. English Universities Press. - Reprinted in 1978 in Holmes-McDougal Seminars: Teaching Reading. Edinburgh: Holmes-McDougal.
Wright, P. (1968) Sentence retention and transformation theory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20, 265-272.
Wright, P. (1968) Using tabulated information. Ergonomics, 11, 331-343.
1967
Wright, P. (1967) The use of questions in programmed learning. Programmed Learning, 4, 103-107.
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Research
Research Topics and Related Papers
Pictures and ageing
One strand of my recent research concerns the design of online information for older adults. We have found that for people over 60 years old, working with graphical interfaces is less acceptable than using plainer textual presentations. This is in line with evidence by my student Julie Griffin that older people can be distracted by some kinds of graphics in printed texts.
Griffin, J., and Wright, P. (2008) Older readers can be distracted by embellishing graphics in text. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 21 (5), 740-757.
Wright, P., Belt, S., John, C. (2003) Fancy graphics can deter older users: a comparison of two interfaces for exploring healthy lifestyle options. In E O’Neill, P Palanque, and P Johnson (eds) People and computers 17: Proceedings of HCI 2003: Designing for Society. London: Springer-Verlag (London) Ltd. pp 315-325.
Listening to instructions
Another research strand concerns the contributions of multimedia, such as animated graphics and audio, to helping people follow instructions. A variety of tasks have been explored, some on-screen others not. We have found that linguistic fluency, particularly the ease of reading English, can be a critical factor. People who are fluent readers dislike and can be hampered by spoken text; in contrast adults for whom English is a second language find it helpful to combine the spoken and written text, whereas adults who class themselves as poor readers are happy to dispense with the written text and rely on listening to the instructions. Our studies with older people suggest that there are variations in the representational strategies that they adopt when following instructions, variations that seem to reflect differences in their visual and verbal working memories.
Wright, P., Soroka, A.J., Belt, S. (2010) Audio changes how older people follow animations. Gerontechnology, 9 (2), 340.
Wright, P, Soroka, A., Belt, S., Dimov, S., Petrie, H., (2009) Effects of language fluency and graphic animation on modality choices by adults when following online explanatory demonstrations. Procedings of IEEE International Professional Comunicators’ Conference, Hawaii, July 2009.
Soroka, A.J., Wright, P., Belt, S., Pham, D.T., Dimov, S., De Roure D.C., Petrie, H. (2006). User choices for modalities of instructional information. Proceedings of 4th International IEEE Conference on Industrial Informatics. INDIN’06. August 2006, Singapore. pp16-18.
Audience diversity
A third research strand concerns the way people respond to online information ‘in the wild’. One study involved putting way finding information on a touch-screen in a hospital concourse. The weblog analysis, backed by observational analysis, showed the need to categorise ‘users’ (some of whom were young children) into Players and Enquirers. The advantages of examining the performance of categories of users were again evident when older men in their own homes accessed a website explaining the pros and cons of a screening test for prostate cancer. One design implication from this research is that care needs to be taken before assuming that there exists an average person for whom websites can be designed.
Wright, P., Soroka, A.J., Belt, S., Pham, D.T., Dimov, S., De Roure, D., Petrie, H. (2010) Using audio to support animated route information in a hospital touch-screen kiosk. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 753-757.
Joseph-Williams, N., Evans, R., Edwards, A., Newcombe, R.G., Wright, P., Grol, R., Elwyn, G. (2010) 20 minutes to support informed decision making online: an observational web-log study of a PSA decision aid. Journal of Medical Internet Research (in press).
Research Collaborators
Glyn Elwyn (Primary Care & Public Health, Cardiff University)
Adrian Edwards (Primary Care & Public Health, Cardiff University)
Rhodri Evans (Primary Care & Public Health, Cardiff University)
Natalie Joseph-Williams (Primary Care & Public Health, Cardiff University)
Robert Newcombe (Primary Care & Public Health, Cardiff University)
Duc T. Pham (Manufacturing Engineering Centre, Cardiff University)
Anthony Soroka (Manufacturing Engineering Centre, Cardiff University)
Stefan Dimov (Manufacturing Engineering Centre, Cardiff University)
David De Roure (Computer Science, Southampton University)
Postgraduate Students
Previous Students
Julie Griffin (2008). Selective attentional processes in mild Parkinson’s disease and mild Alzheimer’s disease. School of Psychology Studentship.
Susan Wilkinson (2007) (Jointly supervised with Rob Honey and Steve Payne). Strategies for time allocation across multiple on-line texts. School of Psychology Studentship.
Mustaffah, N. (2006). The role of graphics in the access and retention of online news stories.
Biography
Undergraduate Education
1963: BSc Special in Psychology (2.1) University College London
Postgraduate Education
1966: PhD in Psychology, University College London
1972: MA University of Cambridge
Employment
2009 – present: Professor Emerita, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK.
1999 - 2009: Professor, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK.
1998 - 1999: Distinguished Research Fellow, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK.
1972 –1998: College Lecturer in Psychology, Churchill College Cambridge, UK
1966 - 1998: Member of the Medical Research Council's non-clinical scientific staff, employed in Cambridge at the Applied Psychology Unit. From 1983 on Special Appointment grade that is formally equivalent to the British university professor.
Awards
2005: IEEE Professional Communication Society: Alfred N Goldsmith Award “To recognise distinguished contributions to engineering communication”
2004: Publisher’s prize for best paper in 2003 in J Audio-Visual Media in Medicine
1998: ACM SIGDOC Joseph Rigo Award for contribution to the field of computer documentation. (ACM = Association for Computing; SIGDOC = Special Interest Group on Documentation)
1995: Elected Honorary Fellow of the Society for Technical Communication, USA.
1989: Elected Fellow of the British Psychological Society.
1986: Prize for research contribution from Association for Clinical Research in the Pharmaceutical Industry.
1984: Commendation "for outstanding contribution to the literature of Instructional Development" from the Division of Instructional Development of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (USA).
1980: Certificate of Appreciation for "Dedication and contribution to improvement of technical communication" from the Norwegian Society for Technical Communication.
1979: Sir Frederic Bartlett Medal from the Ergonomics Society.
1978: Elected Fellow of the Institute of Scientific and Technical Communicators.
1972: Elected Fellow of Churchill College Cambridge
Editorial Boards / Advisory Boards
2009 to present: IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication.
2004 to present: Information Design Journal + Document Design. John Benjamins, Amsterdam
2001 to present: Gerontechnology. HolaPress Science, Amsterdam.
1985 to present: Visible Language published by Visible Language, USA
1999 to 2004: Document Design - Advisory Board - John Benjamins, Amsterdam
1978 to 2004: Information Design Journal published by IDJ Ltd, UK
1994 - 2001: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied published by the American Psychological Association
1993 - 2000: Advances in HCI - an annual book series published by Wiley
1993 - 1999: Written Communication: an International Quarterly of Research, Theory and Application published by Sage, USA
1985 - 1989: International Review of Ergonomics published by Taylor and Francis, UK
1981 - 1984: Applied Psycholinguistics published by Cambridge University Press, UK
Other External Roles
2005: Member of Corona for PhD at University of Maastricht
2003: External Examiner for PhD at University of Antwerp
1999: External Examiner for PhD at L’Université de Bourgogne
1997 – 2004: Chair British Standards Institute Committee IDT/2/6 on Technical Documentaion
1995: External Examiner for PhD at University of Toronto, Canada
1991-94: Member of Doctoral Committee of PhD student in Psychology Department at Carnegie-Mellon University, USA.
